1. Omusenyu n'amayinja, Quartz Sand Filter Media .
1). Single-Emikutu gy’okusengejja layeri Mu 1829, kkampuni ya Chelsea Water Supply Company mu London, Bungereza, yazimba ttanka esooka ey’okusengejja empola okusobola okufulumya ddala. Mu kukola kwa ttanka y’okusengejja empola, obucaafu obuyimiriziddwa mu mazzi bugenda mu maaso n’okukuŋŋaanyizibwa mu luwuzi lw’omusengejja, okwongera ku buziyiza bw’okusengejja n’okukendeeza mpolampola omuwendo gw’okusengejja. N’olwekyo, oluvannyuma lw’emyezi 2 ku 3 nga gikola, kyetaaga okuddamu okukolebwa n’okugizza mu nkola. Mu 1885, Abamerika baayiiya ttanka y’okusengejja amangu era ne bazimba ttanka y’okusengejja eyasooka ey’amangu mu 1909, eyalongoosa obulema bwa ttanka y’okusengejja empola era n’eyongera nnyo ku sipiidi y’okusengejja. Mu kiseera kino, okusengejja kuba kwa kimu-okusengejja layeri, ate emikutu gy’okusengejja giri omusenyu n’amayinja, omusenyu gwa kkooti, n’ebirala.
2). Multi-Emikutu gy’okusengejja layeri Nga tulongoosezza tekinologiya w’okusengejja obutasalako, abanoonyereza ab’omunda n’ab’ebweru bateesezza mu ngeri eziddirira multi-okusengejja kw’emikutu gy’okusengejja layeri. Emikutu gy'okusengejja egy'enjawulo egy'enjawulo egya Multi-egiri mu nkola giba gya mirundi ebiri- egy'okusengejja layeri n'emikutu egy'emirundi esatu-Emikutu gy'okusengejja layeri. Mu 1940, Amerika yasooka okukola ttanka ya ttanka y’okusengejja layeri emirundi ebiri-. Omusengejja guno gukozesa ekintu ekisengejja ekitangaala ekirimu density entono n’obunene bw’obutundutundu mu layeri eya waggulu, n’ekintu ekizito eky’omusengejja nga kiriko density enkulu n’obunene bw’obutundutundu obutono mu layeri eya wansi. Data y’emirimu eraga nti obusobozi bw’okukwata obucaafu obw’ekintu ekisengejja eky’emirundi ebiri-ebiri mu layeri emirundi ebiri egy’ekintu eky’ennono eky’okusengejja eky’omuntu omu{14}} era omuwendo gw’okusengejja gwongerwako emirundi egisukka mu 0.5. Okunoonyereza ku tekinologiya wa three-tekinologiya w’ebintu ebisengejja layeri kwatandika mu myaka gya 1960, ebiseera ebisinga nga bakozesa amanda, omusenyu, ne garnet ng’ebintu ebisengejja. Omutindo gw’okusengejja ogwa ttanka eno ey’okusengejja mu kiseera ky’okusengejja okusooka guyinza okuba emirundi 3 egy’omu ttanka emu ey’omusengejja gwa layeri- ate emirundi 2 ey’amanda-omusenyu emirundi ebiri-ttanka y’omusengejja gwa layeri.
Mu myaka egiyise, abanoonyereza b’awaka nabo bakoze ennongoosereza ezikwatagana mu kintu ekisengejja, era eky’awamu kwe kugatta kwa kaboni n’omusenyu gwa quartz ogukola. Zhang Sheng n’abalala okuva mu Tsinghua University baasoma ku kulongoosa amazzi aga waggulu-Algae ensibuko y’amazzi nga bakozesa kaboni akola-omusenyu gwa kaabuyonjo emirundi ebiri-Layer deep bed filter. Ebivuddemu biraga nti kaboni akola-omusenyu gwa kaabuyonjo emirundi ebiri-omusengejja gw’ebitanda ebiwanvu nga guliko okusengejja okukulukuta kw’amazzi (integrated flotation filtration) gwalina omuwendo gw’okuggyawo ebiwuka byonna awamu ogwa 95.1%, omuwendo gw’okuggyawo chlorophyll ogwa 92.2%, omuwendo gw’okuggyamu amazzi mu 34.3%, omuwendo gw’okuggyamu omukka gwa oxygen, n’omuwendo gw’okuggyawo 3.6 { chromaticity.
3). Homogeneous Filter Media Ekitanda ky’omusengejja ekikolebwa emikutu gino egy’okusengejja kirina obunene bw’obutundutundu obunene, obw’omu makkati, n’obutono mu buli kitundu okuva waggulu okutuuka wansi, era obungi bwabwo bwenkana oba kumpi. Omugerageranyo gw’obuziba (void ratio) ogw’omukutu gw’okusengejja mu njuyi eza waggulu n’eza wansi ez’ekitanda ky’omusengejja gwe gumu, olwo embeera y’okukulukuta kw’amazzi g’ekitanda ky’omusengejja nago ne ge gamu. Ebintu ebisengejja ebifaanagana (homogeneous filter media) bisobola okuvvuunuka obulungi okuzibikira kw’okungulu, era ebiwujjo biyingira mu buziba mu kitanda ky’okusengejja okutuuka ku ngeri okusengejja amazzi amangi n’omutindo gw’amazzi amalungi.
2. Ebintu ebisengejja ebikuta bya ceramic .
Okuzuula ceramsite kuyinza okuddirira okutuuka mu 1885, naye mu butuufu kwakolebwa Sjhayde mu 1918. Ensi yange yatandika okusoma okukola n’okukozesa ceramsite ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1950. Ceramsite ekolebwa mu bisigalira bya kasasiro ow’amakolero, kasasiro oba eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka ebisuuliddwa n’amayinja aga wansi. Micropores munda mu ceramsite ziri porous, ekifuula ceramsite okuba n’engeri y’obunene obutono, amaanyi amangi n’okuziyiza okukulukuta kw’eddagala. Ekitundu ekigere eky’okungulu eky’ekintu ekisengejja ekya ceramsite kikubisaamu emirundi 6 ku 8 eky’ekintu ekisengejja omusenyu gwa kkooti, ate obuziba buba emirundi 1.7 ku 2.2 obw’omusenyu gwa kkooti.
Mu myaka egiyise, ceramsite ebadde ekozesebwa nnyo ng’ekijjukizo ky’okulongoosa ebiramu ku mazzi amakyafu, n’enkola ennungi ey’okulongoosa amazzi amakyafu, era omuwendo gw’okuggyawo ammonia nayitrojeni guyinza okutuuka ku bitundu ebisukka mu 90%. Kato et al. Ebikozesebwa mu kukola obutuli (porous ceramic fillers) okulongoosa amazzi amakyafu mu mmere. Obudde bw’okukuuma amazzi bwe bwali 30.17h, omuwendo gw’okuggyawo COD ogwa wakati gwasukka 87%. Mu kiseera kino, abanoonyereza ab’omunda n’abagwira bakoze ebintu ebipya eby’okusengejja ceramsite nga enzymatic ceramsite, spherical lightweight ceramsite, ne nano-Ceramsite ekyusiddwa nga yesigamiziddwa ku ceramsite eya bulijjo. Enzymatic ceramsite okusinga ekozesa catalytic effect ya enzymes okutumbula obujjanjabi effect; Spherical lightweight ceramsite erina ebirungi ebiri mu rough surface, moderate density, amaanyi amangi, n’okuziyiza okusikagana; Nano-Ceramsite ekyusiddwa ekozesa nanotechnology okukyusa ekintu ekisengejja. Kungulu w’ekintu ekisengejja kirina obutundutundu obuyitibwa nanoparticles, ekigifuula okuba n’obusobozi bw’okulongoosa obw’amaanyi.
3. Ebintu ebikyusiddwa ebisengejja .
Okulowooza ku kitundu ekigere ekigere eky’okungulu eky’ebintu ebisengejja ebitera okukozesebwa nga omusenyu gwa kkooti, ceramsite, ne anthracite, ekisannyalazo ekibi ku ngulu wansi w’embeera ezitaliimu oba ezitali za byanfuna, abanoonyereza bakoze ebintu ebikyusiddwa eby’okusengejja, ebifuuse omulamwa ogw’amaanyi mu kunoonyereza okunene. Ekintu ekikyusiddwa eky’okusengejja kwe kusiiga oluwuzi lw’ekikyusa ku ngulu w’ekintu ekisengejja ekitwala okuyita mu nkola y’omubiri n’eddagala, bwe kityo ne kikyusa eby’obutonde n’eby’obutonde eby’okungulu kw’obutundutundu bw’ebintu eby’omusengejja ebyasooka, ekiyinza okulongoosa obusobozi bw’ekintu ekisengejja okuyunga obucaafu n’obusobozi bwakyo obw’okuyungibwa ku bintu ebimu eby’enjawulo, n’okulongoosa omutindo gw’amazzi agava mu mubiri. Enkola eraga nti ebintu ebikyusiddwa eby’okusengejja bisobola okwongera ku buwanvu bw’okungulu obw’enjawulo obw’ekintu ekisengejja n’okutumbula obusobozi bwakyo obw’okusikiriza, olwo emirimu gy’okulongoosa n’okulongoosa okw’okunywezebwa okunywezeddwa okukolebwa ku kusiiga kungulu kisobole okukozesebwa mu bujjuvu mu nkola y’okukwatagana n’ebintu eby’enjawulo eby’obutonde, obuwuka, n’ebiwuka mu mazzi. Modified filter media tesobola kunyiga macromolecules zokka ne colloidal organic matter, naye era adsorb n’okuziyiza omuwendo omunene ogwa ayoni z’ebyuma ebizito n’obutonde obutono obusaanuuka molekyu mu mazzi, bwe kityo ne kituuka ku kigendererwa ky’okulongoosa mu bujjuvu omutindo gw’amazzi.
1). Modified filter media for sewage treatment Xiangyang ekozesa montmorillonite ekyusiddwa ne sepiolite okunyweza obucaafu obuva mu mazzi mu mazzi. Kizuuliddwa nti amazzi bwe gabaamu ebyuma ebimu ebikyukakyuka nga ekyuma, chromium, manganese, ekikomo, ne platinum, enzirukanya y’ebyuma ebikyukakyuka etaliimu kintu kyonna bisikiriza ensengekera z’obusannyalazo obumu obw’omu kitundu ekimu oba ebibinja ebikola mu kintu ekiramu, ekikyusa ensengekera y’ekintu ekiramu, ekifuula ekintu eky’enjawulo ennyo okumenyawo ekiyungo ekimu eky’ebintu ebimu ebikaluba{{3}to-okuggya ekirungo ekiramu ekirungo ekiramu, ekifuula ekintu ekimu ekikaluba {3}to-okuggya ekirungo ekiramu ekirungo ekiramu, ekifuula ekintu ekikaluba ennyo {3}to-okuggya ekirungo ekiramu ekirungo ekiramu, ekifuula ekintu ekimu ekikaluba ekirungo ekikaluba {3}to-okuggya ekirungo ekiramu ekirungo ekiramu, ekifuula ekintu ekikaluba ennyo ekirungo ekikaluba. Professor Gao Naiyun yakozesa alumina coating okukyusa omusenyu gwa quartz okuggyawo ebirungo ebiramu n’obuwuka, era n’azuula nti ebiraga TOC ne CODMN mu mazzi agafuluma byalaga nti okusiiga kwali kusinga omusenyu ogutaasiigiddwako langi. Okunoonyereza okuva ebweru mu kitundu kino kwatandika emabegako. Mu 1989, Jiban K.sathyy yasiiga kungulu w’omusenyu gwa kkooti ogusiigiddwa nga guliko sayizi ya geometry eya wakati eya mm 0.7 n’ekyuma nitrate. Kyazuulibwa nti ekitundu kyakyo eky’okungulu kyeyongera emirundi kumpi 40, ekiyinza okuggya obulungi cadmium, chromium ne cyanide okuva mu cadmium ne chromium plating wastewater. Mu 1996, Arun Joshi n’abalala okuva mu Indian Institute of Technology baakozesa omusenyu ogw’ekyuma ekiyitibwa iron oxide nga gusiigiddwa ekyuma ekisiigiddwa ku ngulu w’omusenyu gwa kkooti nga guliko obunene bwa geometry obwa wakati obwa 0.49mm ng’ekintu ekisengejja okukola ekyuma ekitono-eky’okuggyamu arsenic eky’omu maka okuggyawo trivalent ne pentavalent arsenic okuva mu mazzi g’oku ttaka.
2). Modified filter media for water treatment Nga okunoonyereza ku modified filter media for sewage treatment yeeyongera okugaziwa, okunoonyereza ku kulongoosa amazzi nakwo kutandise. Zhou Yuexi n’abalala baazuula nti omusenyu gwa kkooti ogukyusiddwa ku ngulu gusobola bulungi okuggyawo obulungi phosphates ezisaanuuka mu mazzi, era omuwendo gw’okuggyawo ebyuma ebizito nga Cr3+ ne Cu2+ guli waggulu wa 90%; Maeda n’abalala mu Japan basiiga ferric hydroxide ku jjinja ly’amasanga okufuna ekyuma-ekintu ekisengejja amayinja ag’amanda, ekiyinza obulungi okunyiga arsenic ya pentavalent mu mazzi okutuuka ku ngulu w’ekyuma-ejjinja ly’amanda; Ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1990, Pulofeesa Benjamin ne bammemba ba ttiimu ye ey’okunoonyereza baatandika okukozesa ebintu ebikyusiddwa eby’okusengejja amazzi mu kulongoosa amazzi; Stenkamp n’abalala baakozesa ekyuma-Ebikozesebwa mu kusengejja omusenyu gwa kkooti ebikyusiddwa okugezesa okusengejja okuggyawo obutundutundu bw’ekyuma ekirina omusannyalazo omulungi n’obutundutundu obulina omusannyalazo omubi. Ebyavudde mu kunoonyereza biraga nti ekintu ekisengejja ekikyusiddwa kyali kisinga omusenyu gwa kkooti ogwasooka kumpi mu kugezesebwa kwonna. Ekintu ekisengejja ekikyusiddwa kirina engeri z’obusobozi bw’okusikiriza obw’amaanyi obw’amasannyalaze, ekiseera ekitono eky’okukula, era kisobola okukendeeza ku bungi bw’ekirungo ekizimba; Jerzy Lu Kasik et al. Omusenyu ogubikkiddwako ekyuma ekiyitibwa iron hydroxide ne aluminium hydroxide okukyusa ekintu ekisengejja okuggya obuwuka obutonotono mu mazzi. Ebyavudde mu kunoonyereza biraga nti emiwendo gy’okuggyawo Escherichia coli, obuwuka bwa kkolera, akawuka ka poliyo 1, ne Escherichia coli phage MS-2 mu mazzi byonna byali waggulu wa 99%.